Amphipathic linear peptides and formulations containing said peptides

ABSTRACT

Peptides containing or composed of an antibiotic peptide derivative by (i) modifying the cysteine residues such that the peptide is free of disulphide bridges, (ii) substituting 1 to 18 and, preferentially, 1 to 6 amino acids and/or permuting at least one amino acid pair, the substitutions and/or permutation being such that the peptide is amphipathic in nature, and a compound formed from at least one of the peptides bound directly or indirectly to at least one active substance.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This is a continuation of PCT International Appln. No. PCT/FR01/02129 filed Jul. 3, 2001 which claims benefits from French Application No. 00/08633 filed Jul. 3, 2000.

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] This invention relates to linear peptides and their use to carry active substances. More particularly, the invention relates to highly amphipathic linear peptides derived from antibiotic peptides or their analogues. The invention also relates to new compounds formed from an amphipathic linear peptide bound with at least one active substance and the preparation of said compounds and formulations containing said compounds.

[0004] 2. Background

[0005] The problem of introducing different substances with pharmacological properties into live cells is of major interest for research and therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

[0006] One of the priorities of work in this field is to find effective means to increase the penetration efficacy of active substances, such as conventional molecules, peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids such as oligonucleotides, into live cells.

[0007] Several strategies have been proposed to enable or increase the passage of said substances through the cell membrane. Among said strategies, we have developed a system to carry active substances through the cell membrane using carrier peptides. This carrying strategy offer numerous advantages, since the carrier peptide can be synthesised chemically and most of the above-mentioned active substances can be bound with the carrier in a simple and effective manner.

[0008] Protegrin and tachyplesin are natural peptides with a hairpin type structure held by disulphide bridges. Said bridges play an important role in the cytolytic activity observed on human cells. Research work on said peptides led to the discovery that an irreversible reduction of said disulphide bridges makes it possible to generate linear peptides which have the property of passing rapidly through cell membranes. The linear peptides and their use as carriers for active substances are described in PCT international patent application No. W099/07728.

[0009] We then attempted to define new amino acid sequences capable of acting as an internalisation and addressing carrier for active substances and several peptides with enhanced physico-chemical properties were synthesised for this purpose.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] This invention relates to a peptide comprising an antibiotic peptide derivative formed by:

[0011] modifying the cysteine residues such that the peptide is free of disulphide bridges, and

[0012] substituting 1 to 18 amino acids and/or permuting at least one amino acid pair, the substitutions and/or permutation being such that the peptide is amphipathic in nature, and has a mean hydrophobicity per residue <H> between 0.15 and 0.7.

[0013] The invention also relates to a compound formed from the above peptide bound directly or indirectly to at least one active substance.

[0014] The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising as an active agent a therapeutically effective quantity of at least one compound described above in an acceptable vehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0015]FIG. 1 is a graph of the vectorisation of doxorubicin with cector SynB1/3Cit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] This invention relates to a linear peptide containing or composed of an antibiotic peptide derivative by:

[0017] modifying the cysteine residues such that said peptide is free of disulphide bridges,

[0018] substituting 1 to 18 and, preferentially, 1 to 6 amino acids and/or permutation of at least one amino acid pair, said substitutions and/or permutation being such that said peptide is amphipathic in nature.

[0019] The term antibiotic peptides refers to peptides with more than 5 to 7 amino acids showing cytolytic activity on human or animal cells. These peptides are natural peptides or synthetic peptides and fragments of said peptides. The invention particularly envisages peptides derived from protegrin and tachyplesin, an analogue or a fragment of said peptides.

[0020] The peptides according to the invention are free of disulphide bridges such as those described for example in published PCT international patent application No. W099/07728. The absence of disulphide bridges in the peptides according to the invention may be obtained using any technique known to those of ordinary skill in the art, particularly by eliminating or replacing cysteine residues by other amino acids or by inhibiting −SH groups such that they no longer form disulphide bridges.

[0021] The amphipathic nature of the peptides according to the invention was expressed by the value of the mean hydrophobicity per residue <H> and the helical hydrophobic moment <μH>α. Advantageously, the peptides according to the invention have:

[0022] a mean hydrophobicity per residue <H> between 0.15 and 0.7;

[0023] a helical hydrophobic moment <μH>α greater than 0.15;

[0024] a beta hydrophobic moment <μH>β greater than 0.

[0025] The research work conducted for the invention related to three parameters used to orient the creation of primary sequences from reference sequences (Eisenberg et al., 1982; The helical hydrophobic moment: a measure of the amphilicity of helix. Nature 299, 371-374). The following three parameters were selected:

[0026] the mean hydrophobicity per residue,

[0027] the helical hydrophobic moment,

[0028] the beta hydrophobic moment.

[0029] The mean hydrophobicity per residue is a measure of the non-polar nature of a peptide. The hydrophobicity of a peptide is quantified by calculating the sum of the contribution of each residue to said hydrophobicity according to the formula: ${\langle H\rangle} = {\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}\quad H_{n}}}$

[0030] wherein, H corresponds to the mean hydrophobicity per residue, N represents the number of residues, Hn represents the hydrophobic index of the residue n. The hydrophobic scale used is that of Fauchète and Pliska (1983, Eur. J. Med. Chem 18.369-375). The sum is calculated on all the residues of the helix (from n=1 to N).

[0031] The helical hydrophobic moment <μH>α is used to quantify the more or less amphiphilic nature of a helix a according to the formula: ${\langle{\mu \quad H}\rangle} = {\frac{1}{N}{\langle{\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{H_{n}{\sin ({\delta n})}}} \right\rbrack^{2} + \left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{H_{n}{\cos ({\delta n})}}} \right\rbrack^{2}}\rangle}^{1/2}}$

[0032] wherein H corresponds to the hydrophobic index of the residue n and δ corresponds to the angle between 2 successive residues (100° for a helix α).

[0033] Each amino acid is assigned a carrier, the direction of which corresponds to the line connecting the centre of the wheel to its position on said wheel. The value of said carrier is equal to the hydrophobic index of the amino acid. The direction of the carrier goes from the centre to the amino acid if the amino acid is hydrophobic (positive value in hydrophobic scale) and from the amino acid to the centre if the amino acid is polar (negative value in hydrophobic scale).

[0034] The hydrophobic moment per amino acid of the amphiphilic helix is equal to the value of the carrier resulting from the sum of all said carriers, divided by the number of amino acids of the helix (from n=1 to N). The resulting carrier points in the direction of the most hydrophobic area of the wheel.

[0035] The beta hydrophobic moment <μH>β corresponds to the hydrophobic moment of a peptide which adopts a β leafed structure. The beta hydrophobic moment is calculated as for the <μH>α parameter but in this case, δ which corresponds to the angle between 2 successive residues, is equal to 180°.

[0036] The study of the three above-mentioned parameters was applied to three reference peptides:

[0037] two peptides derived from protegrin referred to as SynB1 and SynB3,

[0038] one peptide derived from tachyplesin referred to as SynB4.

[0039] The amino acid substitutions performed on the peptides SynB1, SynB3 and SynB4 reported below made it possible to identify sequence modifications resulting in highly amphipathic peptides.

[0040] The invention particularly relates to a peptide comprising or composed of a derivative of a peptide with the following amino acid sequence: 1       5         10        15    18 -R G G R L S Y S R R R F S T S T G R 1       5         10 -R R L S Y S R R R F 1       5         10        15  17 -A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y R R S R

[0041] or a fragment of said sequences composed of at least five and, preferentially, at least seven successive amino acids,

[0042] by substituting 1 to 18 and preferentially 1 to 6 amino acids and/or permuting at least one amino acid pair, said substitutions and/or permutation being such that said peptide is amphipathic in nature.

[0043] In the peptide sequences reported below, the amino acids are represented by their one-letter code, but they may also be represented by their three-letter code according to the list below. A Ala alanine C Cys cysteine D Asp aspartic acid E Glu glutamic acid F Phe phenylalanine G Gly glycine H His histidine I Ile isoleucine K Lys lysine L Leu leucine M Met methionine N Asn asparagine P Pro proline Q Gln glutamine R Arg arginine S Ser serine T Thr threonine V Val valine W Trp tryptophan Y Tyr tyrosine

[0044] 1) Mutation of peptide SynB1.

[0045] 1.1) Increase in hydrophobicity <H> of SynB1.

[0046] The following mutations increase the parameter <H>, i.e., the mean hydrophobicity per residue:

[0047] the mutation of at least one of the residues in position 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16 by a hydrophobic amino acid, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp.

[0048] possibly the mutation of at least one other residue, preferentially the residue Phe in position 12, by a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling the assay of the peptide.

[0049] Table 1 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the hydrophobicity of SynB1 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB1. TABLE 1 <H> <μH>α SynB1 R G G R L S Y S R R R F S T S T G R −0.069 0.18           A   A       W A A A A           I   I         I I I I           L   L         L L L L           V   V         V V V V           F   F         F F F F           W   W         W W W W SM3979 R G G R L A Y L R R R W A V L V G R 0.295 0.27 SM3980 R G G R L V Y V R R R W V V V V G R 0.343 0.25 PG-4L R G G R L L Y L R R R W L V L V G R 0.45 0.27 PG-4A R G G R L A Y A R R R F A V A V G R 0.115 0.2 PG-AFL1 R G G R L V Y L R R R F A F L I G R 0.384 0.23

[0050] 1.2) Increase in amphipathicity of SynB1.

[0051] The mutations below increase the parameters <H> and <μH>α, i.e., the mean hydrophobicity per residue and the mean helical amphipathicity per residue:

[0052] the permutation of at least one pair of residues in position 3 and 5, in position 10 and 12, and in position 16 and 17,

[0053] the mutation of at least one of the residues in position 6, 13, 14 and 16 with a hydrophobic amino acid, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp,

[0054] possibly the mutation of at least one other residue, preferentially the residue Phe in position 12, by a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling the assay of the peptide,

[0055] possibly the mutation of the residue in position 3 by a hydrophobic amino acid, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp.

[0056] Table 2 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the amphipathicity of SynB1 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB1. TABLE 2 <H> <μH>α SynB1 R G G R L S Y S R R R F S T S T G R −0.069 0.18 A-SynB1 R G L R G S Y S R F R R S T S T G R −0.069 0.37     V     A       W     A A   A     I     V             V V   V     F     I             I I   I     W     L             L L   L           F             F F   F           W             W W   W A-PG-3L R G L R G L Y L R F R R L V S V G R 0.327 0.43 A-PG-IL R G L R G L Y F R F R R I L S V G R 0.364 0.45 A-PG-4LF R G I R G L Y L R W R R L L S F G R 0.417 0.47 A-PG-3-LF R G F R G L Y L R W R R L V S V G R 0.359 0.46

[0057] In Table 2 above, the peptide A-Synb1 is a derivative of SynB1 wherein the amino acid pairs in position 3 and 5, in position 10 and 12 and in position 16 and 17 have been permuted.

[0058] 2) Mutation of peptide SynB3.

[0059] 2.1) Increase in hydrophobicity <H> of SynB3.

[0060] The following mutations increase the parameter <H>, i.e. the mean hydrophobicity per residue:

[0061] the simultaneous mutation of the residues in position 4 and 6 or the simultaneous mutations of the residues in position 4, 5 and 6 by hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp.

[0062] possibly the mutation of at least one other residue, preferentially the residue Phe in position 10, by a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling the assay of the peptide.

[0063] Table 3 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the hydrophobicity of SynB3 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB3. TABLE 3 <H> <μH>α <μH>β SynB3 R R L S Y S R R R F −0.068 0.42 0.01       A A A       I I I       L L L       V V V       F F F       W W W SM4287 R R L W Y L R R R F 0.335 0.46 0.40 SM4288 R R L W L L R R R F 0.409 0.39 0.34

[0064] 2.2) Increase in helical amphipathicity per residue <PH>α of SynB3.

[0065] The following mutations increase the <H> and <μH>α parameters of the SynB3 peptide, i.e. the mean hydrophobicity per residue and the mean helical amphipathicity per residue of this peptide:

[0066] the permutation of the residues in position 5 and 7 and the simultaneous mutation, on the sequence resulting from the permutation, of the residues in position 4 and 6 or the residues in position 4, 6 and 7 with hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp,

[0067] possibly the mutation of at least one other residue, preferentially the residue Phe in position 10, by a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling the assay of the peptide.

[0068] Table 4 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the mean hydrophobicity per residue and mean helical amphipathicity per residue of SynB3 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB3. TABLE 4 <h> <μH>α <μH>β SynB3 R R L S Y S R R R F −0.068 0.42 0.01       A   A A       I   I I       L   L L       V   V V       F   F F       W   W W SM4289 R R L W R L Y R R F 0.335 0.82 0.4 SM4290 R R L W R L L R R F 0.409 0.88 0.34

[0069] 2.3) Increase in beta amphipathicity <μH>β of SynB3

[0070] The following mutations increase the <H> and <μH>β parameters of the SynB3 peptide, i.e. the mean hydrophobicity per residue and the mean beta amphipathicity per residue <μH>β of this peptide:

[0071] the permutation of the residues in position 2 and 3 and the permutation of the residues in position 5 and 8 and on the sequence resulting from the permutation, the simultaneous mutation of the residues in position 4 and 6 or the simultaneous mutation of the residues in position 4, 6 and 8 with hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp,

[0072] possibly the mutation of at least one other residue, preferentially the residue Phe in position 10, by a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling the assay of the peptide.

[0073] Table 5 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the parameters <H> and <μH>β of the peptide SynB3 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB3. TABLE 5 <H> <μH>α <μH>β SynB3 R R L S Y S R R R F −0.068 0.42 0.01 R L R S R S R Y R F       A   A   A       I   I   I       L   L   L       V   V   V       F   F   F       W   W   W SM4291 R L R W R L R Y R F 0.335 0.35 1.1 SM4292 R L R W R L R L R F 0.409 0.36 1.1

[0074] 3) Mutation of peptide SynB4.

[0075] 3.1) Increase in hydrophobicity <H> of SynB3.

[0076] The following mutations increase the parameter <H>, i.e. the mean hydrophobicity per residue:

[0077] the simultaneous mutation of the residues in position 3, 7, 12, 16 by hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp.

[0078] Table 6 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the hydrophobicity <H> of SynB4 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB4. TABLE 6 <H> <μH>α SynB4 A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y R R S R 0.24 0.047     A       A         A       A     I       I         I       I     L       L         L       L     V       V         V       V     F       F         F       F     W       W         W       W SynB4-4A A W A F R V A Y R G I A Y R R A R 0.32 0.047 SynB4-2AL A W L F R V A Y R G I L Y R R A R 0.49 0.047 SynB4-FALF A W F F R V A Y R G I L Y R R F R 0.58 0.086

[0079] 3.2) Increase in amphipathicity of SynB4.

[0080] The mutations below increase the parameters <H> and <μH>α, i.e., the mean hydrophobicity per residue and the mean helical amphipathicity per residue:

[0081] a permutation of the residues in position 12 and 14, the residues in position 16 and 17 and a simultaneous mutation, on the sequence resulting from the permutation, of the residues in position 3, 7, 14 and 17 with hydrophobic amino acids, preferentially selected from the group comprising: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp,

[0082] Table 7 below gives the mutations enabling an increase in the parameters <H> and <μH>α, i.e., the mean hydrophobicity per residue and the mean helical amphipathicity per residue, of SynB4 and gives examples of peptides according to the invention derived from SynB4. TABLE 7 <H> <μH>α SynB4 A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y R R S R 0.24 0.047 aSynB4 A W S F R V S Y R G I R Y S R R S 0.24 0.18     A       A             A     A     V       V             V     I     I       I             I     L     L       L             L     V     F       F             F     F     W       W             W     W aSynB4-2AL A W A F R V L Y R G I R Y L R R A 0.49 0.41 aSynB4-IVFA A W I F R V V Y R G I R Y F R R A 0.55 0.48 aSynB4-FIIL A W F F R V I Y R G I R Y I R R L 0.67 0.55

[0083] In Table 7, aSynB4 is a peptide obtained with a permutation of the residues in position 12 and 14 and the residues in position 16 and 17.

[0084] The invention also relates to a linear peptide containing or composed of an antibiotic peptide derivative by :

[0085] modifying the cysteine residues such that said peptide is free of disulphide bridges,

[0086] substituting one or more arginines with citrulline or ornithine.

[0087] Indeed, substituting arginines with citrullines or ornithines makes it possible to reduce toxicity of the peptide resulting from arginine cationic nature. It is thus possible, to use a larger quantity of peptide carrier. However, advantageously, depending on the size and number of arginines in the original antibiotic peptide, the peptides according to the invention comprise at least another one, preferentially at least another two and particularly preferentially, at least another three arginines.

[0088] Examples of peptides according to the invention wherein one or more arginines are replaced by citrullines (Cit) include the SynB1, SynB3 and SynB4 derivatives in table 8 below. TABLE 8 SynB1 R G G R L S Y S R R R F S T S T G R SynB1/2Cit R G G R L S Y S Cit Cit R F S T S T G R SynB1/3Cit R G G R L S Y S Cit Cit Cit F S T S T G R SM3979 R G G R L A Y L R R R W A V L V G R SM3979/2Cit R G G R L A Y L Cit Cit R W A V L V G R SM3979/3Cit R G G R L A Y L Cit Cit Cit W A V L V G R SM3980 R G G R L V Y V R R R W V V V V G R SM3980/2Cit R G G R L V Y V Cit Cit R W V V V V G R SM3980/3Cit R G G R L V Y V Cit Cit Cit W V V V V G R SynB3 R R L S Y S R R R F SynB3/2Cit R R L S Y S Cit Cit R F SynB3/3CitA R R L S Y S Cit Cit Cit F SynB3/3CitB R Cit L S Y S Cit Cit R F SM4289 R R L W R L Y R R F SM4289/2Cit R R L W R L Y Cit Cit F SM4289/3Cit R Cit L W R L Y Cit Cit F SM4290 R R L W R L L R R F SM4290/2Cit R R L W R L L Cit Cit F SM4290/3Cit R Cit L W R L L Cit Cit F SynB4 A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y R R S R SynB4/2Cit A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y Cit Cit S R SynB4/3Cit A W S F Cit V S Y R G I S Y Cit Cit S R SynB4-FALF A W F F R V A Y R G I L Y R R F R SynB4-FALF/2Cit A W F F R V A Y R G I L Y Cit Cit F R SynB4-FALF/3Cit A W F F Cit V A Y R G I L Y Cit Cit F R

[0089] The peptides according to the invention may be prepared using a chemical or genetic engineering process, the retro form may be produced and they may comprise D form amino acids. The invention also relates to fragments of said peptides composed of at least five and preferentially at least seven successive amino acids of the above sequences.

[0090] The invention also relates to the use of said amphipathic linear peptides or analogues of said peptides to carry one or more active substances through the membrane of in vivo or in vitro cells for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. According to the invention, the term “carrying” refers to a process capable of passing through the cell membrane(s) and bringing said active substance to a target located in a cell compartment such as the cytoplasm or nucleus.

[0091] In this way, the invention relates to compounds formed from at least one amphipathic linear peptide described above bound directly or indirectly to at least one active substance. Said compounds may be represented by the following formula I:

[0092] A_____B (I)

[0093] wherein:

[0094] A represents an amphipathic peptide according to the invention,

[0095] B represents an active substance, and

[0096] the horizontal line represents the bond between the active substance and the amphipathic linear peptide.

[0097] The active substances of the invention particularly include proteins, such as polypeptides or peptides, antibodies or antibody components, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides or ribozymes or, of course, active chemical molecules to treat or prevent human or animal diseases, such as antitumoral, antiviral agents and the like. This list is merely exemplary; not exhaustive.

[0098] In the field of diagnostics, the active substance may be a radioactive marker, a colored marker or any other substance capable of detecting a metabolism or a disease.

[0099] The link between the carrier peptide and the active substance, represented by horizontal lines in formula I, may be produced using any acceptable bonding means given the chemical nature and dimensions in formula I compounds. The bonds may be covalent, hydrophobic or ionic, and may or may not be split in physiological media or inside cells. The bond may comprise one or more intermediate compounds (linker).

[0100] The link may be produced at any site of the peptide A, wherein functional groups such as —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NH2 are naturally present or have been introduced.

[0101] The linking positions for the active substances may be at the N-terminal or C-terminal ends or on the peptide's lateral chains. Similarly, the link may be produced at any site of the active substance B, wherein functional groups such as —OH, —SH, —COOH, —NH2 are naturally present or have been introduced.

[0102] Therefore, the invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising as an active agent an effective quantity of at least one formula I compound in an acceptable vehicle.

[0103] Other advantages and characteristics of the invention will be seen in the following examples relating to the preparation of amphipathic linear peptides, their link with an active substances and the penetration of this conjugate into cells.

[0104] 1) Synthesis of peptides labelled with NBD fluorescent group.

[0105] The peptides were synthesised with the Fmoc-tBu strategy using an AMS 422 (ABIMED, Germany). The peptide sequences are given in Table I. The N-terminal was labelled by an NBD fluorescent group according to the procedure described by [Gazit, E. et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 11479-11488].

[0106] The peptide on resin is first treated with piperidine [20% (v/v) in DMF] to remove the Fmoc protective group on the N-terminal. NBD-C1 in dry DMF (5-fold excess) is then added in the presence of DIEA (2-fold excess) for 6 hours protected from light with stirring to selectively label the N-terminal group. The resin is then removed with DMF and treated with a deprotective mixture to detach the peptides from the resin and deprotect the lateral chains. The peptide was then purified by HPLC (reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography) (Water-prep LC 40, Water) with a 0.01% TFA/acetonitrile gradient. The purity of the peptides was measured with UV absorbance criteria at 220 nm and 460 nm and was 95%.

[0107] 2) Preparation of peptides linked with doxorubicin.

[0108] The linking of doxorubicin on a peptide by means of a succinic linker was performed in 3 steps.

[0109] Succinic anhydride (1.1 eq, dissolved in DMF) was added to doxorubicin hydrochloride (1 eq), dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 2 eq). After an incubation period of 20 min at ambient temperature, the doxorubicin hemisuccinate formed was then activated by adding PyBOP (Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxopyrrolidinephosphonium Hexafluorophosphate 1.1 eq in DMF) and DIEA (2 eq). This second reaction mixture was incubated for 20 min. The peptide (1.2 eq in DMF) was then added to the reaction mixture and spontaneously bonded with the doxorubicin hemisuccinate activated during an additional incubation period of 20 min.

[0110] The linker was then purified on preparative HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) and freeze-dried.

[0111] Each of the steps and the final product were tested using analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry.

[0112] The peptides tested are listed in Table 9 below. TABLE 9 Peptide Sequence SynB1 RGGRLSYSRRRFSTSTGR SM3979 RGGRLAYLRRRWAVLVGR SM3980 RGGRLVYVRRRWVVVVGR SM3505 (SynB3) RRLSYSRRRF SM4287 RRLWYLRRRF SM4288 RRLWLLRRRF SM4289 RRLWRLYRRF SM4290 RRLWRLLRRF SM4291 RLRWRLRYRF SM4292 RLRWRLRLRF SM4293 RKLWYLRKRF

[0113] 3) Cell penetration.

[0114] Cell penetration of the peptides was studied by flow cytometry. The K562 cells were cultured in RPMI medium with 10% foetal calf serum. The cells were diluted to 0.3×10⁶ cells per ml 24 hours before the experiment. The cell penetration was measured by flow cytometry using a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, USA). The peptides labelled with NBD (final concentration 1 μM) were incubated with the K562 cells (5×10⁵ cells per ml) in Optimem medium at 37° C. for variable periods (the final volume was 0.5 ml). After incubation, the cells were washed twice and then resuspended in 0.5 ml of cold PBS. The penetration was then analysed by FACS. The fluorophors were excited at 488 nm and the fluorescence measured at 525 nm. A histogram of the fluorescent intensity (for 1×10⁴ cells) was obtained and the mean distribution considered to be representative of the quantity of peptide associated with the cells.

[0115] 4) Results.

[0116] The internalisation results are listed in the tables below.

[0117] Table 10 shows the penetration of the peptide SM2363 with reference to that of two of its analogues which are more amphipathic. TABLE 10 Time (min) SynB1 SM3979 SM3980 0 4 4 4 5 7 75 34 10 7 95 42 30 8 100 54 60 12 114 62

[0118] The results in Table 10 show that the amphipathic analogues (SM3979 and SM3980) penetrate much more effectively, irrespective of the time interval. In this way, at 60 min, the penetration of SM3979 and SM3980 is 9 and 5 times greater than that of SynB1, respectively.

[0119] The same design was carried out on shorter peptides. The peptide SynB3 was taken as the reference and its amphipathicity was increased. The comparison of the penetration of the peptide SynB3 with its analogues is represented in Tables 11 and 12 below. TABLE 11 Time (min) SynB3 SM4287 SM4288 SM4289 SM4290 0 4 4 4 4 4 5 9.5 29 33 63 147 10 10 34 38 80 168 30 12 50 53 107 366 60 16 60 61 135 371

[0120] TABLE 12 Time (min) SynB3 SM4291 SM4292 SM4293 0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5 12 91 140 20 10 13 99 140 23 30 15 107 141 29 60 23 118 146 31

[0121] The results in Tables 11 and 12 also demonstrate that the amphipathic analogues penetrate much more effectively, irrespective of the time interval.

[0122] 5) Use of the peptides according to the invention as vectors for the transfer of an active molecule through the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

[0123] In numerous central nervous system diseases, the molecules administered do not pass through the blood-barrier and, therefore, are unable to reach their in the brain.

[0124] a) Experimental conditions

[0125] i) Preparation of SynB1/3Cit-Doxorubicin

[0126] The coupling of doxorubicin on the SynB1/3Cit peptide via the succinic link was performed in 3 steps:

[0127] Succinic anhydride (1.1 eq. dissolved in DMF) was added to doxorubicin hydrochloride (1 eq) and solubilised in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of Disopropylethylamine (DIEA, 2 eq).

[0128] After incubation for 20 min at ambient temperature, the doxorubicin hemisuccinate formed was then activated by adding PyBOP (Benzotriazol-1-yl-oxopyrrolidinephosphonium Hexafluorophosphate, 1.1 eq in DMF) and DIEA (2 eq). This second reaction mixture was incubated for 20 min.

[0129] The SynB1/3Cit peptide (1.2 eq in DMF) was then added to the reaction mixture and coupled spontaneously with the activated doxorubicin hemisuccinate during an additional 20 min incubation period.

[0130] The coupling product was then purified in preparative HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and freeze-dried.

[0131] Each of the steps, and the final product, were monitored by means of analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry.

[0132] ii) Products tested Doxo Doxo Doxo-SynB1/3Cit Doxo-(RGGRLSYSCitCitCitFSTSTGR)

[0133] iii) In situ brain infusion

[0134] This is a rapid and sensitive method to evaluate the penetration of various compounds in the central nervous system. Young mice (25-30 g, Iffa-Credo; l'Arbresle, France) were anaesthetised. After exposure of the common carotid, the right external carotid artery was tied at the bifurcation with the internal carotid and the common carotid was tied between the heart and the catheter implantation site (polyethylene catheter, ID: 0.76). The catheter previously filled with a heparin solution (100 units/ml) was inserted into the common carotid. The mice were infused with the infusion buffer (128 mM NaCl, 24 mM NaHCO₃, 4.2 mM KCl, 2.4 mM NaH₂PO₄, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 0.9 mM MgSO₄ and 9 mM D-glucose). The buffer was filtered and then bubbled with a mixture containing 95% O₂/5% CO₂ to maintain the pH close to 7.4 and supply the brain with oxygen during the infusion.

[0135] The mice were infused with the buffer containing free doxorubicin or doxo-SynB1/3Cit. In each product, the doxorubicin was radiolabelled with carbon 14 (specific activity: 9.4 μCi/mg, Amersham, France) . The products were infused at a concentration of 0.33 μCi/ml or 0.035 mg/mouse.

[0136] Just before the start of infusion, the heart was stopped by ventricular section to prevent infusate reflux during infusion. The right hemisphere was then infused at a rate of 10 ml/min for 60 seconds, after which the mouse was decapitated.

[0137] b) In situ brain infusion results

[0138] In this study, we compared the penetration in the BBB of doxorubicin alone with doxorubicin vectorised with SynB1/3Cit. After 60 seconds of infusion in the buffer, the penetration of the products was estimated by the influx constant or Kin in μg/sec/g. FIG. 1 shows that the vectorisation of doxorubicin with the vector SynB1/3Cit increases its passage into the brain 20 times after an infusion of 60 seconds in buffer.

1 52 1 18 PRT Unknown Organism Description of Unknown Organism Peptide SynB1 1 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Arg Arg Arg Phe Ser Thr Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 2 10 PRT Unknown Organism Description of Unknown Organism Peptide SynB3 2 Arg Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Arg Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 3 17 PRT Unknown Organism Description of Unknown Organism Peptide SynB4 3 Ala Trp Ser Phe Arg Val Ser Tyr Arg Gly Ile Ser Tyr Arg Arg Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg 4 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3979 4 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ala Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Trp Ala Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 5 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3980 5 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Trp Val Val Val Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 6 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide PG-4L 6 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Trp Leu Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 7 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide PG-4A 7 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ala Tyr Ala Arg Arg Arg Phe Ala Val Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 8 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide PG-AFL1 8 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Ala Phe Leu Ile 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 9 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide A-SynB1 9 Arg Gly Leu Arg Gly Ser Tyr Ser Arg Phe Arg Arg Ser Thr Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 10 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide A-PG-3L 10 Arg Gly Leu Arg Gly Leu Tyr Leu Arg Phe Arg Arg Leu Val Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 11 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide A-PG-IL 11 Arg Gly Leu Arg Gly Leu Tyr Phe Arg Phe Arg Arg Ile Leu Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 12 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide A-PG-4LF 12 Arg Gly Ile Arg Gly Leu Tyr Leu Arg Trp Arg Arg Leu Leu Ser Phe 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 13 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide A-PG-3LF 13 Arg Gly Phe Arg Gly Leu Tyr Leu Arg Trp Arg Arg Leu Val Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 14 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4287 14 Arg Arg Leu Trp Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 15 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4288 15 Arg Arg Leu Trp Leu Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 16 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4289 16 Arg Arg Leu Trp Arg Leu Tyr Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 17 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4290 17 Arg Arg Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 18 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4291 18 Arg Leu Arg Trp Arg Leu Arg Tyr Arg Phe 1 5 10 19 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4292 19 Arg Leu Arg Trp Arg Leu Arg Leu Arg Phe 1 5 10 20 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4-4A 20 Ala Trp Ala Phe Arg Val Ala Tyr Arg Gly Ile Ala Tyr Arg Arg Ala 1 5 10 15 Arg 21 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4-2AL 21 Ala Trp Leu Phe Arg Val Ala Tyr Arg Gly Ile Leu Tyr Arg Arg Ala 1 5 10 15 Arg 22 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4-FALF 22 Ala Trp Phe Phe Arg Val Ala Tyr Arg Gly Ile Leu Tyr Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 15 Arg 23 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide aSynB4-2AL 23 Ala Trp Ala Phe Arg Val Leu Tyr Arg Gly Ile Arg Tyr Leu Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala 24 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide aSynB4-IVFA 24 Ala Trp Ile Phe Arg Val Val Tyr Arg Gly Ile Arg Tyr Phe Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala 25 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide aSynB4-FIIL 25 Ala Trp Phe Phe Arg Val Ile Tyr Arg Gly Ile Arg Tyr Ile Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Leu 26 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB/2cit 26 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Xaa Xaa Arg Phe Ser Thr Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 27 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB1/3cit 27 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe Ser Thr Ser Thr 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 28 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3979/2cit 28 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ala Tyr Leu Xaa Xaa Arg Trp Ala Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 29 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3979/3cit 29 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Ala Tyr Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Trp Ala Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 30 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3980/2cit 30 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Xaa Xaa Arg Trp Val Val Val Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 31 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM3980/3cit 31 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Xaa Xaa Xaa Trp Val Val Val Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 32 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB3/2cit 32 Arg Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Xaa Xaa Arg Phe 1 5 10 33 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB3/3citA 33 Arg Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ser Xaa Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 34 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB3/3citB 34 Arg Xaa Leu Ser Tyr Ser Xaa Xaa Arg Phe 1 5 10 35 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4289/2cit 35 Arg Arg Leu Trp Arg Leu Tyr Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 36 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4289/3cit 36 Arg Xaa Leu Trp Arg Leu Tyr Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 37 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4290/2cit 37 Arg Arg Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 38 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4290/3cit 38 Arg Xaa Leu Trp Arg Leu Leu Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 39 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4/2cit 39 Ala Trp Ser Phe Arg Val Ser Tyr Arg Gly Ile Ser Tyr Xaa Xaa Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg 40 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4/3cit 40 Ala Trp Ser Phe Xaa Val Ser Tyr Arg Gly Ile Ser Tyr Xaa Xaa Ser 1 5 10 15 Arg 41 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4-FALF/2cit 41 Ala Trp Phe Phe Arg Val Ala Tyr Arg Gly Ile Leu Tyr Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 15 Arg 42 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SynB4-FALF/3cit 42 Ala Trp Phe Phe Xaa Val Ala Tyr Arg Gly Ile Leu Tyr Xaa Xaa Phe 1 5 10 15 Arg 43 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 43 Arg Leu Arg Ser Arg Ser Arg Tyr Arg Phe 1 5 10 44 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide aSynB4 44 Ala Trp Ser Phe Arg Val Ser Tyr Arg Gly Ile Arg Tyr Ser Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser 45 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide SM4293 45 Arg Lys Leu Trp Tyr Leu Arg Lys Arg Phe 1 5 10 46 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 46 Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Xaa Tyr Xaa Arg Arg Arg Trp Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 47 18 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 47 Arg Gly Xaa Arg Gly Xaa Tyr Ser Arg Trp Arg Arg Xaa Xaa Ser Xaa 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg 48 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 48 Arg Arg Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Arg Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 49 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 49 Arg Arg Leu Xaa Tyr Xaa Xaa Arg Arg Phe 1 5 10 50 10 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 50 Arg Leu Arg Xaa Arg Xaa Arg Xaa Arg Phe 1 5 10 51 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 51 Ala Trp Xaa Phe Arg Val Xaa Tyr Arg Gly Ile Xaa Tyr Arg Arg Xaa 1 5 10 15 Arg 52 17 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 52 Ala Trp Xaa Phe Arg Val Xaa Tyr Arg Gly Ile Arg Tyr Xaa Arg Arg 1 5 10 15 Xaa 

1. A peptide comprising an antibiotic peptide derivative formed by: modifying the cysteine residues such that the peptide is free of disulphide bridges, and substituting 1 to 18 amino acids and/or permuting at least one amino acid pair, the substitutions and/or permutation being such that the peptide is amphipathic in nature, and has a mean hydrophobicity per residue <H> between 0.15 and 0.7.
 2. The peptide according to claim 1, having a mean helical hydrophobic moment <μH>α greater than 0.15.
 3. The peptide according to claim 1, having a beta hydrophobic moment <μH>β greater than
 0. 4. The peptide according to claim 1, derived from protegrin or tachyplesin, from an analogue or a fragment thereof.
 5. A peptide comprising a derivative of a peptide having an amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of:   1       5         10        15   18 SEQ ID NO: 1: R G G R L S Y S R R R F S T S T G R   1       5         10 SEQ ID NO: 2: R R L S Y S R R R F   1       5         10        15  17 SEQ ID NO: 3: A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y R R S R

or a fragment thereof composed of at least five and successive amino acids, by substituting 1 to 18 amino acids and/or permuting at least one amino acid pair, substitutions and/or permutation being such that peptide is amphipathic.
 6. The peptide according to claim 5, derived from a peptide having an amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 by mutation of at least one residue in positions 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16 with a hydrophobic amino acid, selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp, and optionally mutation of at least one other residue selected from the group consisting of residue Phe in position 12, a Tyr residue and a Trp residue.
 7. The peptide according to claim 6, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 4: R G G R L A Y L R R R W A V L V G R, SEQ ID NO: 5: R G G R L V Y V R R R W V V V V G R, SEQ ID NO: 6: R G G R L L Y L R R R W L V L V G R, SEQ ID NO: 7: R G G R L A Y A R R R F A V A V G R, and SEQ ID NO: 8: R G G R L V Y L R R R F A F L I G R.


8. The peptide according to claim 7, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 by permutation of at least one pair of residues in positions 3 and 5, positions 10 and 12 and positions 16 and
 17. 9. The peptide according to claim 7, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 by: permutation of at least one pair of residues in positions 3 and 5, positions 10 and 12, and positions 16 and 17, mutation of at least one of residues in positions 6, 13, 14 and 16 with a hydrophobic amino acid, selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp, and optionally mutation of at least one other residue selected from the group consisting of residue Phe in position 12, and a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling an assay of the peptide, and optionally the mutation of the residue in position 3 by a hydrophobic amino acid selected from the group comprising: Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp.
 10. The peptide according to claim 7, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 9: R G L R G S Y S R F R R S T S T G R, SEQ ID NO: 10: R G L R G L Y L R F R R L V S V G R, SEQ ID NO: 11: R G L R G L Y F R F R R I L S V G R, SEQ ID NO: 12: R G I R G L Y L R W R R L L S F G R, and SEQ ID NO: 13: R G F R G L Y L R W R R L V S V G R.


11. The peptide according to claim 5, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2 by simultaneous mutation of residues in positions 4 and 6 or simultaneous mutation of the residues in positions 4, 5 and 6 by hydrophobic amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe, Trp, and optionally mutation of at least one other residue selected from the group consisting of residue Phe in position 10 and a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling an assay of the peptide.
 12. The peptide according to claim 11, further amino acid sequences: SEQ ID NO: 14: R R L W Y L R R R F SEQ ID NO: 15: R R L W L L R R R F.


13. The peptide according to claim 12, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15 by permutation of residues in positions 5 and 7 and simultaneous mutation, on a sequence resulting from the permutation, of residues in positions 4 and 6 or residues in positions 4, 6 and 7 with hydrophobic amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp, and optionally mutation of at least one other residue selected from the group consisting of residue Phe in position 10, and a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling an assay of the peptide.
 14. The peptide according to claim 13, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 16: R R L W R L Y R R F and SEQ ID NO: 17: R R L W R L L R R F.


15. The peptide according to claim 14, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16 or SEQ ID NO: 17 by permutation of residues in positions 2 and 3 and permutation of the residues in positions 5 and 8 and on a sequence resulting from the permutation, the simultaneous mutation of residues in position 4 and 6 or simultaneous mutation of residues in position 4, 6 and 8 with hydrophobic amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp, and optionally mutation of at least one other residue selected from the group consisting of residue Phe in position 10, and a Tyr or Trp residue giving a spectroscopic signal and enabling an assay of the peptide.
 16. The peptide according to claim 15, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 18: R L R W R L R Y R F SEQ ID NO: 19: R L R W R L R L R F


17. The peptide according to claim 5, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 by simultaneous mutation of at least one of residues in positions 3, 7, 12, 16 by hydrophobic amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp.
 18. The peptide according to claim 17, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 20: A W A F R V A Y R G I A Y R R A R SEQ ID NO: 21: A W L F R V A Y R G I L Y R R A R and SEQ ID NO: 22: A W F F R V A Y R G I L Y R R F R.


19. The peptide according to claim 18, derived from a peptide wherein the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21 or SEQ ID NO: 22 by permutation of the residues in positions 12 and 14, residues in positions 16 and 17 and a simultaneous mutation, on a sequence resulting from the permutation, of the residues in positions 3, 7, 14 and 17 with hydrophobic amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Phe and Trp.
 20. The peptide according to claim 19, further comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 23: A W A F R V L Y R G I R Y L R R A SEQ ID NO: 24: A W I F R V V Y R G I R Y F R R A, and SEQ ID NO: 25: A W F F R V I Y R G I R Y I R R L.


21. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein one or more arginines are substituted by citrulline or ornithine.
 22. The peptide according to claim 21, comprising at least one amino acid sequence slected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 26: R G G R L S Y S Cit Cit R F S T S T G R SEQ ID NO: 27: R G G R L S Y S Cit Cit Cit F S T S T G R SEQ ID NO: 28: R G G R L A Y L Cit Cit R W A V L V G R SEQ ID NO: 29: R G G R L A Y L Cit Cit Cit W A V L V G R SEQ ID NO: 30: R G G R L V Y V Cit Cit R W V V V V G R SEQ ID NO: 31: R G G R L V Y V Cit Cit Cit W V V V V G R SEQ ID NO: 32: R R L S Y S Cit Cit R F SEQ ID NO: 33: R R L S Y S Cit Cit Cit F SEQ ID NO: 34: R Cit L S Y S Cit Cit R F SEQ ID NO: 35: R R L W R L Y Cit Cit F SEQ ID NO: 36: R Cit L W R L Y Cit Cit F SEQ ID NO: 37: R R L W R L L Cit Cit F SEQ ID NO: 38: R Cit L W R L L Cit Cit F SEQ ID NO: 39: A W S F R V S Y R G I S Y Cit Cit S R SEQ ID NO: 40: A W S F Cit V S Y R G I S Y Cit Cit S R SEQ ID NO: 41: A W F F R V A Y R G I L Y Cit Cit F R, and SEQ ID NO: 42: A W F F Cit V A Y R G I L Y Cit Cit F R.


23. A compound formed from at least one peptide according to claim 1 bound directly or indirectly to at least one active substance.
 24. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising as an active agent a therapeutically effective quantity of at least one compound according to claim 23 in an acceptable vehicle. 